Die PPP-Grundform musst du leider beim Vokabel lernen mit auswendiglernen. Sammle Punkte und erreiche neue Levels beim Lernen. index (plurals indexes, indices): Fowler, OSM, and Merriam-Webster recommend using the English plural indexes when referring to book indexes, and the Latin plural indices for mathematical uses. Latin Verbs Endings. These words can pose a challenge for proofreaders, though, as many have two plural forms. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! As a proofreader, then, you would not need to correct either “cacti” or “cactuses” unless there was an issue with consistency to address. Thank you. Privacy Policy. You will notice the vowel a popping up in almost all of the case endings. Wie lauten Dativ Singular und Plural von currus? As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. consortium (plurals consortia, consortiums): Garner tells us that consortia has been standard since the 1700s and outnumbers consortiums 7 to 1. I have something to confess: When I started writing this article, it was mostly for me, not you. When considering a Latin plural or singular form, consult our dictionary—that is our recommendation. The two most common are cornū, ūs “horn” and genū, ūs “knee”. spectrum: spectra or spectrums Both are 2nd person. Daneben kann der Dativus Finalis auch in einigen Wendungen stehen, die im Deutschen etwas freier übersetzt werden: honori esse (zur Ehre dienen), emolumento esse (vorteilhaft sein), crimini dare (zum Vorwurf machen). basis: bases Gill, N.S. aquarium: aquariums or aquaria Wie übersetzt man “Opes magnae mihi sunt.“? If you’re unsure about the correct suffix for an English word with Latin (or Greek) origins, check a dictionary. They are all in the nominative case. A burial was given to the body of Franciscus. Millennia is preferred over millenniums in American English by a 17:1 ratio. First declension is the simplest of the five Latin declensions. Subscribers get access to our archives with 800+ interactive exercises! If you see the words in ("in, on") or a/ab ("by") in a document, the following word or phrase will most likely include an ablative. corrigendum: corrigenda Some things never change. Other singular words, such as trifle or triviality, aren’t quite synonyms. Pluralization of Latin-based nouns is a complicated field. mango: mangoes or mangos Caucus was a trick question; the word probably came to us from the Algonquin language, so its plural is caucuses. Neben dem Dativ als Objektsdativ kann der Dativ auch als Dativ des Zwecks (Dativus Finalis), Dativ des Vorteils (Dativus Commodi), Dativ des Besitzers (Dativus Possessivus) und Dativ des Urhebers (Dativus Auctoris) auftreten. The following chart shows the endings attached to oppidum, ī “town”. ), (Die Athener haben für Sokrates ein Standbild errichtet.). The plural form algae is well-known. Every speaker of English, every day for the past 1500 years, has been casting votes on English usage. symposium: symposiums or symposia, alumnus/alumna: alumni or alumnae (alumnus refers to a man and alumna to a woman, alumni pertains to men or to men and women and alumnae to women; alumni is often employed in the singular, and alum/alums are used informally as gender-neutral singular and plural forms) Stadium → Stadia. Referendums around the world: The growing use of direct democracy. und wird deshalb im Deutschen mit "haben" oder "gehören" übersetzt. Note that i‘s pop up in the ablative singular and in the nominative, genitive, and accusative plural. axis: axes Einzahl (Singular) Mehrzahl (Plural) Nominativ (1. If they were writing with pen on parchment, they would have written ADDENDUM. "Latin Verbs Endings." dynamo: dynamos It is identical to the ablative. 1 Partizip Perfekt Passiv - PPP Latein (100% . steht immer in Verbindung mit einer dritten Person vom Hilfsverb. " gymnasium: gymnasiums or gymnasia To summarize: try to activate as many senses as possible! Palomar in Southern California. However, if we are talking about multiple people who are unwelcome, then we have to go all-Latin: personae non gratae. Diese Sache wird für mich sehr nützlich sein. Preference for Latin or English plural endings is inconsistent in similarly constructed words, as is the presence of alternative forms at all. parenthesis: parentheses The few feminine nouns of the second declension take masculine endings. Here’s a guide to plural forms for Latin words, identifying, for more than a hundred nouns of Latin origin and a few similarly constructed terms from other languages, which ending among two or three alternatives is preferred for particular words or in which contexts various alternative forms are employed. Now let’s look at these endings attached to a noun: lūmen, lūminis “light”. Where two plurals are generally considered acceptable, I’ve listed what appears to be the most standard (and thus safer) one first. Let's find out what these rules are: 1. International words (from English, French, Latin,.) “godparents” is the subject. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. Kasus. der Nutzer schaffen das Dativ Latein Quiz nicht! However, there are quite a few Latin nouns that do not have an -i plural even in their original language that have become naturalized in the English language. Wie übersetzt man "Marcus legionem praesidio castris relinquit."? genus (plural genera): Most dictionaries recognize only genera; genuses has recently been appearing but remains nonstandard. The fact that agenda rhymes with addenda may be why the incorrect addendas won’t go away. Fortunately you don’t have to learn the endings of each noun individually. The following chart shows the endings in action, attached to the noun puella, ae “girl”. AHD lists indexes before indices without any usage recommendations. Deklination. stadium (plurals stadiums, stadia): Stadiums is standard on both sides of the Atlantic, but stadia is occasionally found in British English. 2, 'Cattywampus' and Other Funny-Sounding Words. ignoramus (plural ignoramuses): When this Latin verb entered English in the late 1580s, it was used as a legal term meaning “we take no notice of it.” Since the 17th century, it has been a noun meaning “ignorant person.” Using ignorami as the plural instead of ignoramuses makes us look like ignoramuses. Auf welche Frage antwortet der Dativ grundsätzlich? Marcus lässt die Legion zum Schutz des Lagers zurück. 'Argumentative', 'interpretate', and more, This common word has a dramatic origin story. A Proofreader’s Guide to Latin Plural Word Endings, 5 Tips for Proofreading Different English Dialects, Editing Tips: What to Do with Variant Spellings, When Alright and Anymore Aren’t All Right Any More. Since the dative usually accompanies a verb of giving, you may expect to find a noun in the dative case if you find any form of do, dare, the Latin verb “give.” The most common forms of this verb that you may find are dedi (“I gave”), dedit (“he/she gave”), and datus/-a/-um est (“it was given”). Siehst Du also zum Beispiel das Wort senatoribus, kann es sich sowohl um Dativ Plural als auch um Ablativ Plural handeln. If there is a consonant before the e, it is short (no macron). Auf welche Frage antwortet der Dativus Finalis? This may be because it’s academics who are more likely to use the word, and academics in general prefer Latin plurals. Personalendung. Neuter i-stem nouns have more changes in their case endings. D.A.W. The songs at the end made it all worthwhile. Wie das ganze nun aber im Lateinischen funktioniert, erfährst du im Folgenden! hero: heroes But Latin isn’t just about memorizing declensions. Thanks! -us. hypothesis: hypotheses The usage guides’ first choice remains matrices, but most (not OSM) recognize matrixes as a legit alternative. In the plural, the vocative is the same as the nominative. seraph: seraphim or seraphs. A fifth declension word that you will see in Latin documents is dies (pronounced “dee-ays,” translated “day”). The accusative singular of masculine and feminine nouns. The good news is that masculine and feminine nouns use the same set of endings. In the following chart, you can see the endings on diēs, diēī “day.” The stem is di-. Auditoriums is the safer choice. Bei der wörtlichen Übersetzung zeigt sich noch der Dativ (Für wen/ "wem" ist etwas zu tun?). atrium: atria or atriums. -i. Cactus → Cacti. By clicking “Accept All Cookies”, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. stimulus (plurals stimuli, stimuluses): Despite the efforts of some writers, stimuluses has never caught on except sometimes when writing about economics. alga: algae or algas The OSM takes a British stance in recommending minima. Wie übersetzt man "Non scholae, sed vitae discimus." (The few fourth declension feminine nouns also take these endings.). cactus (plurals cactuses, cacti): Either plural is correct. The vocative is always identical to the nominative, except in second declension (to be discussed more below). nebula: nebulae or nebulas: the former ending is employed in astronomy, and the latter applies in medical contexts On top of that, Latin had irregular nouns with endings that didn’t fit any of the regular patterns. Most second declension nouns have a nominative in –us, but some have a nominative in –er or even –ir. Ein Beispiel ist das Wort prodesse ("nützen"), welches immer einen Dativ benötigt: "Wem nützt etwas?". Wie übersetzt man "Caesar copias praesidio relinquit."? For example, the genitive filii is translated “of the son.”. Caesar ließ die Soldaten zur Hilfe zurück. In Latin, these nouns belong to a group in which the singular and plural were spelled alike. Im direkten Vergleich betont der Genitivus Possessivus besonders den Besitzer oder die Besitzerin, während der Dativus Possessivus besonders den Besitz betont. antenna: antennas or antennae (only antennae is correct for the sensory organs on animals; antennas in more common in other contexts) These are rarer, and so I have put them in parentheses after the primary ending. Read all about how to determine a Latin noun’s stem here. Garner offers this distinction: For the troublesome organ, use appendices, and for other uses, such as publishing, use appendixes. And there is, in fact, a plethora of such -i Latin plurals in English: witness oculus (a word for an oval window or for a circular opening at the top of a dome) and its plural oculi, or the more common alumnus/alumni and stimulus/stimuli. rhinoceros: rhinoceroses or rhinoceros or rhinoceri The only standard English plural is prospectuses. portfolio: portfolios You can scroll through all five declensions, or jump to whichever one interests you. I only know the latter because of my Russian friend, years ago, who loved to cook and eat potatoes. Fourth declension and fifth declension nouns in Latin are less common. In Latin, there are five main cases: Nominative, Genitive, Accusative, Dative, and Ablative. That is a very nice and interesting observation that you made. This is a puzzle and an enigma to me. A noun’s declension determines which sets of case endings you add to it. In sum: some Latin-derived words have both a native plural and an English form. The OSM wisely suggests avoiding the problem altogether by using appliances where appropriate (devices or vehicles will also sometimes work). Some words don't change form in Latin, so their plurals have been Anglicized with an additional -es ( status to statuses ). Don't miss out - subscribe to receive emails about new content! In diesem Video lernst du die Regeln der o-Deklination kennen, erhältst . As a result, many words with roots in Latin now have more than one plural form: we’ll call these the “traditional” and “English” plurals. For example, you will most often find the word for “son” in its nominative singular form: filius. Ein neues Zeitalter des Lernens steht bevor. 100% for free. podium (plurals podiums, podia): Both plurals are considered correct, but podiums is far more common and less likely to call attention to itself. The answer, as you have seen: Sometimes they do; sometimes they don’t. These observations will help you to make sense of the Latin noun endings themselves. Even after English shoved French aside and asserted itself as England’s national language in the 14th century, Latin still remained the language of choice for scholars; for example, scientists throughout Europe, including England, were writing their scientific books and papers in Latin until the 18th century. Das ist zwar richtig, hört sich aber im Deutschen nicht wirklich schön an. erratum: errata [6] I’ll give these answers, but after this, you’re on your own: amoebas (ordinary usage)/amoebae (scientific usage), helices (more common)/helixes (acceptable), hiatuses, incubi (generally preferred)/incubuses (acceptable), mausoleums (ordinary usage)/mausolea (pretentious usage), and sternums (ordinary usage)/sterna (scientific usage). Verbs can be active, with the subject the agent of the act (e.g., laudo=I praise) or they can be passive, with the subject acted upon (e.g., amatur=he is loved). This list is a keeper. If you are wondering how you tell whether a noun is consonant-stem or i-stem, then I have a whole post coming about that soon. “On the fourth day of the month of September.”. und steht immer in Verbindung mit intransitiven Verben. I really can’t think of many because Mark made a nearly clean sweep! But for other plurals, the usual English rules of adding "s" or "es" now . podium: podiums or podia Third declension is by far the most confusing of the five Latin declensions. bacterium: bacteria You can revoke your consent any time using the Revoke consent button. Making plurals in German can be confusing because there are a few different varieties but don't worry about. One common misconception floating around the English language is the notion that all Latin-derived nouns that end in the suffix -us in the singular should end in -i when they are plural. bacillus: bacilli The stem is puell-, and the endings are indicated in bold. The following two charts show the declension of mūrus, ī (an –us noun with the stem mūr-) and ager, agrī (an –er noun with the stem agr-). Note that the only thing that distinguishes the nominative –a from the ablative –ā is vowel length (indicated by the macron). formula (plurals formulas, formulae): The OED lists formulae first, while Merriam-Webster and AHD prefer formulas. There are very few fourth declension neuter nouns. Mark, your Big Winner is this one: “antenna: antennas or antennae (only antennae is correct for the sensory organs on animals; antennas in more common in other contexts)”. I am also pleased that you tackled a lot of technical words from engineering, physics, and mathematics: e.g. Bevor Du Dich mit diesen ganzen Funktionen beschäftigst, ist es zunächst wichtig zu wissen, wie die Formen des Dativs aussehen und gebildet werden. When Latin nouns are inflected, the first part of the word (the stem), stays the same, and the endings change. Wie übersetzt man "Auxilium tibi labori do."? Wie lauten Dativ Singular und Plural von imperator? Remember that the nominative is the subject of the sentence and the accusative is the direct object when you are translating them. My inclination is to use spectra for the literal sense and spectrums for the figurative sense. Medias, on the other hand, is always wrong, as is referring to a singular entity, such as the Internet or CNN, as a media.
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